The year 10 AH (632 CE) is very significant in Islamic history. Our
beloved Prophet (peace be upon him) performed Hajjat al-Wida (the
Farewell Pilgrimage) that year. It was his first and only Hajj after
migration. Comprehending that it would be his last, our teacher, the
Prophet (peace be upon him), set forth a model for the rituals of
the Hajj that pilgrims of upcoming generations could follow.
This article focuses on the important stages of the Prophet's (peace
be upon him) hajj. We will describe the performance step by step.
Please read this article carefully for further clarification.
Makkah was conquered in 8 AH (630 CE). All the idols in and around
the Kaaba were destroyed, and the house of Allah was rededicated to
the worship of Allah, as was its intended purpose. The conquest of
Makkah paved the way for the final hajj of the Prophet (peace be
upon him).
The year of delegations (9 AH)
After Makkah had been conquered and the Prophet (peace be upon him)
had returned victorious from the Battle of Tabuk, tribes from all
over the Arabian Peninsula rushed to Madina to accept Islam at the
hands of Allah’s Messenger (peace be upon him).
The Prophet (peace be upon him) remained in Madinah to make himself
available to meet those delegations that continued to come in during
9 AH (630-31), a year that came to be known as the
“Year of Delegations.”
The Hajj of 9 AH
Since the Prophet (peace be upon him) was receiving delegations from
different parts of the Arabian Peninsula, he could not undertake the
pilgrimage himself and remained in Madinah. Instead, he chose his
close companion, Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (May Allah have mercy upon him),
as leader of the pilgrimage.
It seems that the Hajj led by Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (May Allah
have mercy upon him) in 9 AH was a form of preparation for Hajjat
al-Wida, which was carried out by the Prophet (Peace be upon him)
the following year.
The announcement of Hajj (10 AH)
Early in 10 AH (631 CE), the Prophet (peace be upon him) declared
his intention to personally conduct the hajj. After this, an
invitation was sent to the Muslim community to accompany Rasulullah
(peace be upon him).
The news spread, and people traveled to Madinah in their crowds, by
foot, or on mounts, with the hope of performing Hajj in the blessed
and most expected company of the Prophet (peace be upon him).
2. The journey to Makkah
On Friday, the 24th of Dhul Qadah, the Prophet (peace be upon him)
delivered a Friday sermon. It was full of teaching and reminding
words that were essential for the hajjis. The Prophet (peace be upon
him), dedicated to educating the pilgrims, answered questions
directed at him whilst standing on the pulpit.
On the 25th of Dhul Qadah, the Prophet (peace be upon him) left
Madinah and started the hajj journey. He was accompanied by Muslims
from all walks of life. Men, women, and children all joined the
gathering. Some of whom were riding camels and horses while others
walked.
Later that afternoon, the Prophet (peace be upon him) and his
companions arrived at Dhul Hulayfah. Since it was
an open area located about 9 kilometers southwest of Madinah, in
Wadi al-Aqeeq, it was used as a gathering place for pilgrims,
allowing them to organize themselves and travel to Makkah in one
body.
The Prophet (peace be upon him) set up camp there and performed Asr
salah in Qasr mode, observing two rak’ahs instead of the usual four.
A remarkable incident happened that night. Asma bint Umais (May
Allah have mercy upon her) gave birth to a boy who was named
Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr. Her husband, Abu Bakr (may Allah have mercy
upon him), informed the Prophet (peace be upon him) and asked him
what to do. The Prophet (peace be upon him) instructed her to bathe,
to bandage herself sufficiently with a piece of cloth, and then to
assume Ihram. She was permitted to observe all Hajj rituals with the
exception of Tawaf.
On the next day, the Prophet (peace be upon him) put on his Ihram
cloth before performing two rak’ahs of Dhuhr salah, making his
niyyah and pronouncing Talbiyah at his place of prayer thereafter.
His Talbiyah was as follows:
Labbayka Llāhumma labbayk, labbayka lā sharīka laka labbayk,
inna-l-ḥamda wa n-niʿmata, laka wa l-mulk, lā sharīka lak.
At your service, Allah, at your service. At your service, you
have no partner. Truly all praise, favor, and sovereignty is
Yours; You have no partner.
All the Muslims followed the Prophet (peace be upon him) in
pronouncing Talbiyah. The Prophet (peace be upon him) decided to
undertake Hajj al-Qiran (combining both Hajj and Umrah without
leaving Ihram).
Educating pilgrims
As the journey progressed, the Prophet (peace be upon him) continued
to focus on educating and guiding his companions (may Allah have
mercy upon them). It was part of preparing them for the upcoming
Hajj. The companions (may Allah have mercy upon them) were highly
enthusiastic to learn from the Prophet (Peace be upon him).
3. Reaching Makkah
The Prophet (peace be upon him) with his companions entered Makkah
on Sunday, the 4th of Dhul Hijjah. He got down from his camel as he
arrived at the entrance of the Kaaba. The first thing the Prophet
(peace be upon him) did on reaching Makkah was the ablution, and
then he performed Tawaf of the Kaaba.
As the Prophet (peace be upon him) reached the Hajar al-Aswad, he
put his hands on the blessed stone and glorified Allah, then kissed
the stone. The Prophet (peace be upon him) then performed Tawaf,
circumambulating the Kaaba seven times. He was wearing a green
Yamani mantle, which he had wrapped under his right armpit and over
his left shoulder, exposing his right shoulder and right arm
(Idtiba).
Dua between the corners
The Prophet (peace be upon him) made dua as he walked between the
Rukn al-Yamani and the Hajar al-Aswad. He recited the following
Quranic verse:
O our Lord, give us good in this world and good in the next world
and guard us against the torment of the Fire.
[Surah al-Baqarah, 2:201]
Maqam Ibrahim
Upon completion of Tawaf, the Prophet (peace be upon him) walked
towards Maqam Ibrahim and recited the following verse loudly.
And take the Maqam Ibrahim as a place of salah.
[Surah al-Baqarah, 2:125]
Standing between Maqam Ibrahim and the Kaaba, the Prophet (peace be
upon him) performed two rakah of salah, reciting Surah al-Kafirun
(Surah 109) in the first rakah and Surah al-Ikhlas (Surah 112) in
the second rakah.
Sa’i between Safa and Marwa
The next ritual that the Prophet (peace be upon him) performed was
Sa’i between Safa and Marwa. He recited the following Quranic verse
as he approached the hill of Safa.
Indeed, Safa and Marwa are among the symbols of Allah. So whoever
makes Hajj to the House or performs Umrah—there is no blame upon him
for walking between them. And whoever volunteers well—then indeed,
Allah is appreciative and Knowing.
[Surah al-Baqarah, 2:158]
At Safa
The Prophet (peace be upon him) began his Sa’i from Safa. When he
ascended Safa, he faced the Kaaba, looked at it, and declared the
oneness of Allah and glorified the Almighty by saying:
There is none worthy of worship but Allah alone; no partners are
unto Him; He is the dominion, and He is the praise. He gives life,
and He gives death, and He is capable of everything.
[Sahih Muslim (Hadith 269) and Sahih al-Bukhari (Hadith 6404)]
There is none worthy of worship but Allah alone, who fulfilled His
promise, gave victory to His servant and defeated the confederates
alone.
[Sahih Muslim (Hadith 1218) and Sunan an-Nasa'i (Hadith 2817)]
Towards Marwa
As the Prophet (peace be upon him) reached the bottom of the valley,
he started to move quickly, which caused his lower garments to move
vigorously between his legs. He then returned to a normal walking
pace as the valley started to ascend.
Upon reaching Marwa, he did the same as he had earlier done at Safa.
He performed a total of seven laps between Safa and Marwa.
After the completion of Sa’i, he ordered everyone who had not
brought a sacrificial animal to release themselves from Ihram
completely, whether they had intended to combine Hajj and Umrah
(Hajj al-Qiran) or to perform Hajj separately
(Hajj al-Ifrad). They were instructed to remain in this state
until Yawm al-Tarwiya (8th of Dhul Hijjah), at which point they
would assume Ihram for Hajj.
Yawm al-Talwiyah—8th of Dhul Hijjah
The Prophet (peace be upon him) performed Fajr at al-Abtah on
Thursday, the 8th of Dhul Hijjah, and left for Mina in mid-morning.
When the caravan left al-Abtah, those of his companions who had
previously left the state of Ihram after having performed Umrah
reentered the Ihram to perform Hajj.
They repeated the Talbiyah with their exit for Mina. The Prophet
(peace be upon him) and his companions spent the rest of the day and
the night at Mina, observing the Dhuhr, Asr, Maghrib, Isha, and Fajr
prayers during their stay there.
4. The day of Arafah (Yawm al-Arafah- 9th of Dhul Hijjah)
After performing Fajr at Mina, the Prophet (peace be upon him) asked
everyone to remain in their places and glorify almighty Allah with
the following words: ‘Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar, La ilaha illallah,
wallahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar wa lillahil Hamd.’. He uttered these
words after each prayer until Asr of the last day of Tashreeq. He
stayed a little longer until the sun had risen before proceeding to
Arafat.
During the journey to Arafat, some companions continued to raise
their voices in pronouncing the Talbiyah while others pronounced
Takbir. No objection was made from the Prophet (peace be upon him)
as to what was said.
When the Prophet (peace be upon him) reached Nimrah, an area just
before Arafat, he addressed his companions with a powerful nasiha.
This speech is now known as Khutbat al-Wida (Arabic: خطبة الوداع;
“The Farewell Sermon”).
After the sermon, the Prophet (peace be upon him) prayed both Dhuhr
and Asr together at the time of Dhuhr with one Adhan and two Iqamas.
The Prophet (peace be upon him) made du’a for himself and his Ummah
and said that du’a made on the Day of Arafat is the best of
supplications. Amr ibn Shu’aib narrates from his grandfather that
the Prophet (peace be upon him) said:
The best of supplication is the supplication of the Day of Arafat.
And the best of what I and the prophets before me have said is:
None has the right to be worshipped but Allah, alone without a
partner. To Him belongs all that exists, and to Him is the praise,
and He is powerful over all things.
[Sahih al-Bukhari (Hadith 6404) & Sahih Muslim (Hadith 2691)]
Journey to Muzdalifah
After the sun had set and the afterglow had dissipated somewhat, the
Prophet (peace be upon him) left Arafat for Muzdalifah. During his
journey, the Prophet (peace be upon him) proclaimed Talbiyah
abundantly.
Upon reaching Muzdalifah, the Prophet (peace be upon him) and his
companions performed the two prayers of Maghrib and Isha together,
shortening the latter to two rak’ahs, during the time of Isha.
After dawn broke on Saturday, the 10th of Dhul Hijjah, the Prophet
(peace be upon him) performed Fajr salah with one Adhan and one
Iqama, then departed for Mina just before sunrise.
Yawm al-Nahr—10th of Dhul Hijjah
The Prophet (peace be upon him) went to Jamrat al-Aqaba, stopped
uttering the Talbiyah, and began to stone the pillar, reciting
Takbir as he threw each of his seven stones. Then the Prophet (peace
be upon him) informed his companion Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bujali
(may Allah have mercy upon him), who was a tall man with a loud
voice, to gather the companions as he wanted to address them.
5. The sacrifice of animals
After delivering the sermon, the Prophet (peace be upon him) went to
his place of encampment in Mina. He then headed to the place of
sacrifice to offer his Hady.
The Prophet (peace be upon him) had brought 63 camels with him from
Madinah, whereas Ali had brought 37 from Yemen, making 100
sacrificial animals in total. The Prophet (peace be upon him)
slaughtered 63 himself and ordered Ali to sacrifice the remainder.
Scholars have mentioned that the rationale behind offering 63
sacrificial animals was that the number was equal to that of his
age. In other words, he offered one camel in gratitude for each one
of his years.
Shaving head
After the sacrifice, the Prophet (peace be upon him) called for
Ma’mar ibn Abdullah al-Adwi (may Allah have mercy upon him) to shave
his head with a razor.
After having shaved his head, the Prophet (peace be upon him) put on
his ordinary clothes, removing the two Ihram garments.
The Prophet (peace be upon him) then mounted his she-camel and
headed to Makkah to perform Tawaf al-Ziyarah.
During the days of Tashreeq, the Prophet (peace be upon him)
delivered another address, conveying a message that was similar to
his previous sermons during the pilgrimage.
Before the departure from Makkah, the Prophet (peace be upon him)
performed some of the rituals along with Tawaf al-Wida.
6. Return to Madina
After completing the Hajj by the grace of almighty Allah, the
Prophet (peace be upon him) left for Madinah on the morning of
Wednesday, the 14th of Dhul Hijjah. He stayed in Makkah, Mina,
Arafat, and Muzdalifah for a total of 10 days.
When the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) arrived in Madinah
from the Hajjat al-Wada, he mounted the pulpit, praised Allah, and
gave a speech.
The Prophet’s (peace be upon him) journey of Hajj was full of
teachings and wisdom for his ummah. It is of great importance for
Muslims today to study the journey with utmost attention. May
almighty Allah bless us and guide us to learn from the life of His
Messenger (peace be upon him).
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It was the last Hajj performed by the Prophet (peace be
upon him) before he left this Dunya and returned to Allah.
Also, he delivered his Farewell Sermon, which was filled
with essential teachings for Muslims.
The Hajj journey of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) is significant
because:
It teaches us the proper way to perform Hajj.
The Farewell Sermon emphasized some fundamental pillars
of the Islamic system, including the unity of Muslims.
It was the mark for the completion of his resalah, as
the final revelation of the Quran was revealed during
this time.
During his Hajj, Prophet Muhammad (SAW) performed all
essential rituals, including:
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